The Importance Of External Business Environment Commerce Essay

The Importance Of External Business Environment Commerce Essay about trues operate in a very uncertain , volatile and high-power purlieu. To remain combative they need to anticipate changes in their external merchandise environs and be prep ared to adapt business activities accordingly. Industries need to be prepared and create some outline plans for dealing with different eventualities so that they are less likely to be exposed to loosing business. The external environment of different nerves differ in some(prenominal) ways, but the theme of all(prenominal) organization is to use their current resources and the information or data the permit to their advantage and transform it into the required out puts, and this change happens against a stress of external casts which are alfresco the diligence and wad effect the organization and its activities. The external environment is very complex, dynamic and volatile and unpredictable. But these factors have got to be gues sed for any meaningful compend of an pains.key determinants - semipolitical , economical , Social , Technology , Environment , Legalas few determinants converging for example the political, social, and economical can be said to socio-economic determinants.swot outline strengths weaknesses opportunities and cursesThe actual strategies being pursued at any time contrive the organizations strategy content, and the important issues are. The ability of the organization to add value in meaningful ways which exploit organizational resources to achieve synergy, also at the same time. Satisfy the needs of the organizations study stake holders. Particularly its ploughshare holders and customers.Strategic management involves devising a complete roadmap for capturing and maintaining competitive advantage by determining the broader concepts of mission, goals, and long and short-term quarrys and by defining and managing the more specific details of analysis, decision- fashioning, act ions, roles, responsibilities, and timelines needed to do so. A sustainable ordination is one that meets current environmental, economic, and community needs without compromising those needs in the future. in that respect are three main categories of issues that affect a sustainable society1. environmental issues2. Economic issues3. Community issuesToday, companies are expected to employment good business ethicsby fostering a sustainable society.Environmental issues may be caused by nature or humans.Environmental issues include the followingChanges in the climate, such as global heating system Natural disasters, such as hurricanesThe alteration of terrain or bodies of water payable to natural disasters or developmentDeterioration of air quality, both outside (such as fumes from motor vehicles and airplanes) and inside (such as toxins carrier bagd from paint and varnish)The release of hazardous materials from activities such as inunct spills and the dumping of hazardous waste . The depletion or deterioration of natural resources, such as farmland, water, trees, and minerals. The displacement of wildlife or depletion of their intellectual nourishment sourcesA company can influence those environmental issues caused by nature through its response and management of the after- cause. For example, a companys financial or soupcon response to a hurricane illust rank a companys contribution to an environmental issue in a sustainable society. This is also a good example of an environmental issue that crosses over into a community issue.but by choosing active practices for oil gas or some other leading industries which use more raise and other natural energy resources they can take the following travel to be more eco friendly economic consumption renewable resources, such as bamboo and treated pine timber whenever possible.Plant trees on company office and in the community. Reduce the number of motor vehicles and airplanes to pass up emissions and noise po llution. Use recycled and biodegradable materials in yield development. Operate facilities during non-peak utility and travel hours. form products that are recyclable or biodegradable. Use alternative fuel vehicles whenever possible. create alternative energies, fuels, and products. Offer financial incentives to employees who travel to work by bicycle, earthly concern transportation, and hybrid or electric motor vehicles. Or Offer employees the chance to work from home position of the time. Purchase products from companies that employ sustainable packaging. synopsis on the external environment of UK planetary assiduity The ideology that defines the boundaries of companies and industries point unaffected, even if they include diverse implications as applied science, boundaries can mainly be focused on the basic go, quality and price. Analysis of the external environment of the UK mobile phone industry key determinants of success .Economic payable to the affluence of vario us market segments and consumption patterns of different individuals and direction of the economic system in which a firm operates. Each firm must consider economic trends in the segments the effect the industry on both discipline and international level .government gets a major role in the economy and its activities influence both demand and supply side. The social factors that affect the firm involve beliefs, values, and attitudes, opinions of the persons in the firms external environment as developed from the ecologic religious and ethnic conditioning. As the attitudes change among people, so does the demand. Entry of women into the parturiency market has brought about a profound social change.Technologicaluses of engine room in UK mobile industry is a big factor, and important. Same the technology represent the main technical issues. Same as GPRS, 3G, MULTIMEDIA and many more technical supports for to enjoy people mobile and its technology. In UK there are approx45 mill ion phones in circulation with an estimated 77% of population having at least(prenominal) one mobile phones. UK users alone dispose 15 million mobile phones annually.politicalPolitical issues helps and improves the legal aspects of UK mobile phone industry is a huge running industry in world. Many companies are the detention of it. Interference of political factor in UK mobile phone industry by the government or judicial have helped the mobile industry to a galactic amount like the blocking the unwanted sites and making internet browsing safe. The decisions made by the government and political play a key factor in any mobile industry. Political factors define the legal and regulatory issue within the firm and the mangers who fashion the mobile companys strategy. This factors has an influence on two government sections.Supplier functionCustomer functionThere are the three factors to determine the external environment of the UK mobile phone industry in key determinants of success. analysisThe development improvement and sustainability of an industry are dependent upon the relevant strategic options becoming available and used to the organizations best advantage within that industry. The methods of analysis used in this publish are internationally recognized and win a sound foundation for market and competitor analysis. The following report looks at and assesses the macro and micro environment of the mobile network industry on a domestic and global scale.PESTILE ANALYSISOne play of PESTLE ANALYSIS has three main elements. The first two are very much developed simultaneously with the third done as part of a following review process.1. remote FACTORS- LIST2. IMPLICATIONS OF EXTERNAL FACTORS- place3. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLICATION OF EXTERNAL FACTORS-DECIDE1 LIST EXTERNAL FACTORSA DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FACTORS,Influences or nip that have placeImplications and impacts, now or in theFuture, for the organization is compiled forEach of the PESTLE component sPOLITICAL Global, national, regional, local and communitytrends, changes, events etc.ECONOMIC world, national and local trends, changes,events etc brotherly Developments in society- culture, behavior,Expectations, composition etc.TECHNOLOGICAL Developments computer hardware, software,other equipment, material, products andProcesses etc.LEGAL Word/ EU/ National legislation changes,Prospects etc.environmental Global/ EU/ national/ local issues, coerce,Movements etc. doormans 5 ForcesThe manakin of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter in his phonograph record Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors in 1980.Since that time it has become an important motherfucker for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes .Porters model is based on the insight that corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and scourges in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should ba se on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every(prenominal) industry and every market. These forces determine the vehemence of competition and hence the gainfulness and attractiveness of an industry. The objective corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Porters model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. base on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry.The Five Competitive Forces are as followsdicker Power of Suppliers The suppliers comprises all sources for inputs that are needed in social club to provide goods or services. Supplier bargaining power is likely to be high whenThe market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than a fragmented sourceof supply,There are no substitu tes for the particular input,The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is low,The switching be from one supplier to a nonher are high,There is the possibility of the supplier integrating forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high whenThe purchasing industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry,Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier,The profaneing industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products),The buying industry has low barriers to entry. In such situations, the buying industry oftenfaces a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers can potentially reduce strategic options for the organization.The product is undifferentiated and can be replaces by substitutes,Switching to an alternative product is relatively simple and is not related to highcosts,Customers have low margins and are prices sensitive,Customers could produce the product themselves,The product is not of strategically importance for the customer,The customer knows about the turnout costs of the productThere is the possibility for the customer integrating backwards.Bargaining Power of Customers The bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is likely to be high whenThey buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers,The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operatorsThe supplying industry operates with high primed(p) costs,High switching costs for customersLegislation and government action affright of New Entrants The competition in an industry will be the higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such a situation, new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer devotion) at any time. There is always a latent pressure for reaction and adjustment for alive players in this industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the bound to which there are barriers to entry.Economies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations),High initial investments and fixed costs,Cost advantages of existing players due to experience curve effects of operation with fully depreciated assets,Brand loyalty of customersProtected intellectual property like patents, licenses etc,Scarcity of important resources, e.g. qualified expert staff devil to raw materials is controlled by existing players,Distribution channels are controlled by existing players,Existing players have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term servicecontracts,Threat of Substitutes A threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better transaction parameters for the same purpose. They could potentially attract a satisfying proportion of market volum e and hence reduce the potential gross sales volume forexisting players. This category also relates to complementary products. Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the treat of substitutes is determined by factors likeBrand loyalty of customers,Close customer relationships,Switching costs for customers,The relative price for performance of substitutes,Current trends.Competitive Rivalry between Existing companys This force describes the intensity of competition between existing companies in an industry. High competitive pressure results in pressure on prices, margins, and hence, on profitability for every wholeness company in the industry.Competition between existing players is likely to be high whenThere are many players of about the same size,Players have similar strategiesThere is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there ismuch price competitionLow market growth rates (growth of a particular company is possible only at the outlay of a compe titor),Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and highly specialized equipment).

The Demand Of Petroleum Products In Ghana Economics Essay

The strike Of Petroleum Products In gold coast Economics EssayOver decades, in that location has been no good outlay that has received so often upkeep predictions and speculations than boisterous c everywhere hurt. However, intellectuals unendingly fail in their predictions to produce the expect results. Crude fossil oil in its legitimate state has no esteem to the consumer until it is modify into useable fruits such(prenominal) as Liquefied fossil oil shove off (LPG), lamp oil, bumbleoline, diesel and new(prenominal) petrochemicals.1In just ab come on countries, motor furnishs (Gasoline and Diesel) ar invariably dominant than early(a) petrochemicals. save Liquefied Petroleum Gas and antithetic natural gas ar becoming more(prenominal)(prenominal) visible in todays global oil and gas sedulousness.2Like every other commodity in the market, the harms of these productions as rise upspring as their shoot, keep responding to variety utters in bumpy oil de shapeine and other market conditions. This thrust in fuel footings causes worry among pundits, politicians and everyone who uses these products. Petroleum products get to the final consumer or to the market by means of different channels. The sales of these products besides vary from one market or geographical location to a nonher. Refiners either sell to wholesalers or sell to comp whatsoever-owned or company franchised sell sites.3For example, in the United States of America, the open market dominates and has a greater sh are of the market. However, in countries such as Malaysia, Mexico and most ontogenesis countries content Oil Company (NOC) own retail outlets and hypermarkets control volume share of the approximate oil product market. In most West Afri endure countries one can all the same see by the roadside, these products filled in bottles and jars for sale.4This shows how important these products are in the day to day activities of consumers.Ghana imports crude oil take from other countries to meet almost all(a) of its crude needs and as such face the consequences of toll volatilities. Ghana desire most other ontogenesis countries is faced with the problem of a pricing end of oil products that bequeath be acceptable to the population but which depart non also cripple the economy. This is because the government of the day always subsidize the prices of these products as a way of reducing the impact on the run-of-the-mill Ghanaian consumer5. Since 2000, on that point has been a consistent rise in the usage train of crude products even though the prices of these products keep increasing6. legion(predicate) nourish tried to analyse the effect of flips in the price of these products on the final command and on the welfare of the consumer in other countries. But, there seems to be little literature on that of Ghana.This subject area therefore seeks to analyse the effect of changes in crude oil price on the rent of acc eleratoreum products in Ghana. The underlying assumption is that, any change in crude oil price manifest itself in the prices of the derived products such as accelerator pedal, diesel engine, LPG, kerosene and other petrochemicals. The study assiduous an econometric method as a way of examining and analysing the effect of changes in price of the discordant products on the summate claim of oil products (petrol, diesel, LPG and kerosine) in Ghana from 2000 up to 2011. This study is organised into four chapters. Chapter one covered the Introduction. The background as well as the collect for oil colour and the theoretical framework are captured in chapter two. Chapter three contained the analysis and discussions of the findings. Chapter four is the concluding chapter. It also captures rough recommendations.CHAPTER cardinal2.0 BACKGROUND2.1 Global Demand for Petroleum ProductsThe oil and Gas industry is one of the largest and complex global industries which touch almost ever y give of the human life with products such as gasoline, kerosene, gasoil, lubricants and thousands of petrochemicals products. The submit for crude oil is derived strike7. As indicated earlier on, crude oil in its original state has no value to the consumer until it is transformed into useable products such as Liquefied oil Gas (LPG), kerosene, Gasoline, Diesel and other petrochemicals8. The demand for these products over the past decade has been increasing in both industrial and developing economies9. There is no product price that has received so much predictions and speculations than crude oil price. But these predictions in most cases failed to produce the expect results. Like any other commodity in the market, the prices of these products as well as their demand, keep responding to changes in crude oil price and other market conditions10. According to Suleiman 2009, usage of oil color products in Indonesia has grown hallowificantly and as a result, by 2004, Indonesia h ad become a net-importer of both crude oil and refined products11.2.2 Demand for Petroleum Products in GhanaThe Ghanaian economy depends solely on import for its oil color needs. The Tema Oil Refinery (TOR) is the only(prenominal) refinery in the country charged with the responsibility of refining crude oil to produce oil products for domestic demand12. But, its inability to carry out this mandate effectively and efficiently has given rise to importation of some petroleum products from neighbouring country13. Approximately, 70% of the demand is met with products are produced by TOR and the stay 30% from imports. The country imported its entire crude oil requisite as at December 2010, which is refined at TOR. However, this is looking to change as the country now produces oil in commercial quantities.The petroleum products marketed in Ghana are Premium Gasoline, kerosine, Residual Fuel oil, Gas oil, LPG and Premix14. Bulk supply of these products is reliable and is done through a n bulky infrastructural network comp move of storage depots located at strategic parts of the country, pipelines for the cause of petroleum products, Bulk Road Vehicles (BRVs) and also barges located on the Volta Lake15. The true supplies however improved compared to the previous year and for that matter shortage of LPG and diesel were not as serious as in 2010. There are a number of factors influencing the consumption of petroleum products in the country. Among these factors are prices of the conglomerate products, real income of the consumer, changes in the number of consumers as well as the availability of these products. For instance, printificant sum ups in retail prices of LPG for vehicular fuel have helped in reducing its consumption and on the other hand change magnitude consumption of gasoline and invariably the sales of the latter16.Inability to raise the necessitate and adequate funds for the required LPG import due to cross-subsidisation enjoyed by the product might have also contributed to moderate LPG consumption compared to the Energy Commissions annunciate during the year17. It was projected that the requirements for the major petroleum products-gasoline, kerosene, gas oil and LPG leave step-up significantly from 1.62 million loads in 2005 to 2.49 million tons by 2015 representing an one-year harvest-home rate of 5.3% over the outcome18. get to to petroleum products in Ghana is satisfactory, but has to be improved as the population grows.As at 2010 there were a measure of 1700 petroleum products retail outlets of which 37% are Service Stations (SS), 20% are Filling Stations (FS) and 43% are Reseller Outlets (RO)19. The total number of retail outlets represents an access ratio of 71 retail outlets per 1,000,000 people20. There are also vendors who sell mainly kerosene in awkward communities, thereby increasing the accessibility of petroleum products in most part of the country.The National Petroleum Authority (NPA) is a statu tory agency responsible for regulating, overseeing and supervise the petroleum downstream industry in Ghana to ensure efficiency, growth and consumer satisfaction21. It is also charged with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating petroleum prices in accordance with the prescribed pricing formula. With strong economic growth and steady population growth over the past years, Ghanas total cypher demand for petroleum products has grown substantially. Table 1 show the total demand for the various petroleum products in the country. It also included the revenue national Product (gross domestic product) of Ghana from 2000 to 2011. Figure 1 shows the trend of movement for the same period under study.TABLE 1 PETROLEUM return CONSUMPTION AND gross domestic productYEARPETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTION complete(a) DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)20005,536.304,977.5020015,895.205,176.6020026,109.005,409.5020036,048.205,690.8020046,338.106,009.5020056,505.106,364.1020067,131.706,771.4020077,407.607 ,208.8020087,526.307,816.5020098,160.408,180.6020108,349.908,722.2020118,877.109,890.90 seed National Energy Statistics 2000-2011From the table above, the total zilch demand for petroleum products 5,536.30 kilotonnes in 2000. This join ond to about 8,877.10 by the end of 2011. It shows an average annual increase of 4.01% in energy demand. GDP which shows the real income of the country was US$4,977.50 billion as at 2000 and increased to US$ 9,890.90 billion by the close of 2011. This also shows an average annual growth rate of 4.5% within the same period understudied. This is a can indication that, as the real income of the country increases, more petroleum products are demanded even though price of crude oil was on the increase as indicated in table 2 below.FIGURE 1 heading IN GDP AND TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCT DEMANDFrom figure1 above, it is tidy that, there is a strong correlation amongst petroleum product demand and the GDP of Ghana. The trend shows that as GDP grows, demand f or petroleum products grows as well. Its further shows that as the real income of consumers increase, they tend to demand more of these products and consequently movement of the two curves in the same direction.TABLE 2 PRICES OF CRUDE anele AND SOME PETROLEUM PRODUCTSYEARCRUDE petroleum (Brent price US$)DIESEL PRICE (US$/l)PETROL PRICE (US$/l)coal oil PRICE (US$/l)LPG PRICE (US$/kg)200028.50.40.30.30.5200124.40.30.30.30.32002250.40.30.30.4200328.80.50.50.40.5200438.30.60.50.50.5200554.50.80.70.60.6200665.10.90.80.70.8200772.40.980.90.80.9200897.311.110.9200961.70.70.70.60.5201079.50.80.80.60.62011111.31.110.60.7SOURCE National Petroleum AuthorityFrom Table 2 also, it can be seen that crude oil price has been volatile, but generally on the rising side from 2000 up to 2011. The price of crude oil was US$ 28.5 in 2000 which fall to about US$ 25 in 2002. It picked up once more in 2003 and rose continuously to a high of US$ 111.3 by the end of 2011. Also prices of the various petroleu m products responded consortly to changes in the price of crude oil as indicated in table 2 above. In 2000, diesel was sold at US$ 0.4 per cubic decimetre, petrol US$ 0.3 per litre, LPG US$ 0.5 per kg and kerosene was US$ 0.3 per litre. However, as crude price increases, the prices of diesel, petrol and kerosene also increased to US$ 1.1, US$1.0 and US$0.6 per litre respectively by the end of 2011. LPG also increased to US$ 0.7 per kg over the same period.FIGURE 2 TREND OF PRICES OF CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTSFrom Figure 2 above, it is also clear that, the prices of the various petroleum products respond collaterally and directly to changes in crude oil prices. This can be explained by the fact that, these products are derived from crude oil and hence, any change in its price or quantity will have corresponding effects on its products.2.3 Theoretical frameworkThe price of crude oil has been characterised by major swings especially in the 1970s and 2008 and has always impacte d on the demand for petroleum products. This has increase the interest of some economists and other intellectuals and has since led to a number of studies that seek to investigate the alliances between real income, real prices and the consumption of petroleum products22.Dahl (1994) conducted a batch of petroleum demand in developing countries23. The result showed that the average price elasticity of demand of petroleum products for developing countries was -0.36, and income elasticity was 2.20. This suggested that, the demand for petroleum products is more responsive to changes in income than changes in real prices. Suleiman S.2009, used alternative criteria from various models as way of cointegration approach to estimate the price and income elasticities of demand for total petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel in Indonesia. The results suggested that both total products and gasoline share estimates are more responsive to changes in income than changes in the real pri ce of petroleum products. Based on this, he suggested that policy makers may need to use market-based pricing policies and other policies such as public enlightenment in addition to regulations like minimum energy efficiency standards to promote efficiency and conservation and bind the rising consumption of petroleum products in Indonesia.24Akin et al 2009 conducted semiempirical studies which sort to estimate the demand elasticities of petroleum products in Nigeria. The study employed a multivariate cointegration approach to estimate both the short-run and long haul price and income elasticities. The result showed that, energy consumption responds positively to changes in GDP and negatively to changes in energy prices. The study concluded that both price and income elastticities are inelastic even though the elasticities of demand vary according to product type.25Maria et al 2011 employed an econometric method substantial by Deaton to calculate the price and income elasticities of demand for domestic energy in Mozambique. The calculations were done for all households at the national level, differentiating urban household from that of rural folks. The result showed that the responsiveness to changes in both price and income were higher for high-grade energy sources such as gasoline, diesel and LPG and lower for low-grade sources such as charcoal and fire-wood. They concluded by indicating that, the potential for energy change in the domestic context is not directly visible from the price and income elasticities.262.4 MethodologyFrom the theoretical framework above, Dahl (1994), Suleiman S. (2001) and Akin et al all employed the cointegration approach in analysing the relationship between demand of petroleum products and changes in price. Maria et al (2011) applied an econometric method real by Deaton in their study27. This study follows the approach adopted by Maria et al (2011). It is advantageous because it uses unit determine as the prices of goods an d hence provides the opportunity for the use of individual fuel prices. However, the usage of these unit values can lead to biased elasticity estimates28.The total demand for petroleum products (share of gasoline, Diesel Kerosene and LPG) can be specified as a function of real per capita GDP and real prices of Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene and LPG. This can be modelled as followsED= f (GDP per capita, Price of Petrol, price of Diesel, price of Kerosene and price of LPG) (1)Forming a linear regression equation from the function givesEd= a0 + b0GPD/p + c0pP + d0pD + e0pK + f0pLPG + u0 (2)Both the dependent variable and the independent variables are transformed to natural logarithms and hence double log estimation equation. This is written as followslnEd= a0 + b0lnGPD/p + c0lnpP + d0lnpD + e0lnpK + f0lnpLPG + u0 (3)Ed.. Demand for petroleum productsGDP/p.. down-to-earth home(prenominal) Product per capitapP..price of petrolpD..price of DieselpK price of KerosenepLPGprice of Liquefied Pe troleum Gasa0..constant termu0..stochastic termCHAPTER collar3.0 ANALYSIS AND OUTCOMESUsing the double log estimation equation aslnEd= a0 + b0lnGDP/p + c0lnpP + d0lnpD + e0lnpK + f0lnpLPG + u0Where,Ed.. Demand for petroleum productsGDP/p.. .Gross Domestic Product per capitapP.. price of petrolpD. price of DieselpK..price of KerosenepLPG.price of Liquefied Petroleum Gasa0constant termu0stochastic termTABLE 3 REGRESSION ANALYSISlnGDP/plnpPlnpDlnpKlnpLGPcoefficients1.0174870.081134-0.02144560.049237-0.11419p- values0.0229040.8224550.9250980.7325470.276798R Square97.8%Confidence interval95%Standard error0.029936 rise Arthurs construct3.1 Discussion of outcomes3.1.1 Gross Domestic Product per capitaFrom the analysis summarised in table 3, GDP per capita as a variable shows a positive sign in its coefficient against demand for petroleum products. This implies that, as real per capita income of consumers increases, their demand for petroleum products increase as well. Its p-value of 0.022 904 is also below the significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence) which is an indication that, the effect of changes in GDP per capita on the demand for petroleum products is statistically significant.3.1.2 PetrolIn terms of elasticities, a coefficient of 0.081134 for petrol shows that, the demand for it is inelastic. This implies that changes in the price of petrol leads to less than proportionate change in demand. The positive sign however does not follow the a priori expectation. But it shows that, over the period under study, there is a direct relationship between demands and price of petrol. Thus, any increase in the price petrol leads to an increase in its demand. The p- value however confirms that, this direct effect is not significant at 0.05 significance level since the value 0.822455 is greater than 0.05 (significance level).3.1.3 DieselFrom the table, the coefficient of diesel is quite revealing as it follows the a priori expectations in it demand. It has the anticipate n egative sign which confirms that any increase in it price will result in lessen in it demand and hence change magnitude the level of total demand for petroleum products in Ghana. But this is not significant at 95% confidence interval as the p-value of 0.925098 is greater than 0.05.3.1.4 LGPAlso from the table, the coefficient of LPG revealed the a priori expectations in it demand. It has the expected negative sign which confirms that any increase in it price will result in decrease in it demand. This is an indication that, decrease in the level of total demand for petroleum products in Ghana can be the result of increases in the price of LPG.But this is also not statistically significant at 95% confidence interval as the p-value of 0.276798 is greater than 0.05. Thus, inelastic demand for LPG.3.1.5 KeroseneThe variable price of kerosene shows a positive sign. This sign again does not follow the a priori expectation. This result implies that, there is a direct relationship between demands of kerosene and its price and hence, any increase in the price kerosene leads to an increase in its demand. But this is not the case or the expectation as the demand for kerosene decrease due to increases in it price. However, the p- value shows that, this direct effect is not significant at 0.05 significance level since the value of 0.732547 is greater than 0.05.The R2 of the analysis is measures the boilersuit goodness of fit of the regression. The test result indicates that, the R2 =0.978 = 97.8%. It shows that the independent variables (GDP per capita, price of petrol, price of diesel, price of LPG and price of kerosene) explain the dependent (demand for petroleum products) variable to the product line of 97.8%.CHAPTER FOUR4.0 ConclusionThis study analysed the effect of oil price change on the demand for petroleum products. This effect is analysed through the changes in the various prices of the major petroleum products (petrol, diesel, LPG and kerosene) consumed in Gha na from 2000 to 2011. The study employed a double log equation in its analysis. It included the Gross Domestic Product per capita as a measure of the real income of consumers. The results show that combine demand for petroleum products in Ghana follows with the a priori expectations of negative price elasticity and positive income elasticity. The results also showed that, the demand for petroleum products in Ghana has been on the increase from 2000 to 2011 and future still promise to show more increment if the economy maintain its strong growth pattern.The analysis of the results show that the real income of the consumer measured by GDP per capita has a positive sign which indicates that, as real per capita income of consumers increases, their demand for petroleum products increase as well. Its p-value of 0.022904 is also below the significant level of 0.05 (95% confidence) which shows that, the effect of changes in GDP per capita on the demand for petroleum products is statistical ly significant.The test result also shows that, for the period under consideration, the demand for the major petroleum products (petrol diesel LPG and kerosene) is inelastic even though their individual coefficients vary. Their prices continue to increase throughout the period under consideration as oil price increases. Total demand for these products increase as well.Notwithstanding the values of the study, it should be noted that energy demand might assume different implications in different economic sectors. disparate sectors of the economy have different consumption behaviours and as such, have different optimal demand decisions under the same constraints and do not unavoidably demand the same services from the various energy forms. Sectoral analyses of the demand for petroleum products will therefore, offer an in-depth analysis in future research works.4.1 passportIn terms of policy implications, the study recommend that policy makers should material body policy frameworks t hat will promote energy efficiency and conservation. These policies can be market-based pricing and taxation policies, policy that can ensure minimum energy efficiency standards and has the tendency of informing the public the consequences of the present trend in consumption and importation. Otherwise, the consumption of petroleum products is likely to continue to grow at a significant rate as long as per capita income continues to grow.

Knowledge and importance of exclusive breastfeeding

Knowledge and richness of single(a) dresserfeeding chestfeeding is the most precious gift a puzzle can transcend her babe. When on that point is illness or malnutrition, it whitethorn be a conductsaving gift when at that place is poverty, it whitethorn be the wholly gift. Ruth Lawrence, M.D.1.1 Background of searchExclusive dresserfeeding starts from a new natural to the date of sexteter months. It is an ideal and incompar up to(p) to any babe formulas created for them repennyly. As it has been know that heartfeed contains the perfect food for a newborn which has immunisation to diseases, sluttish to digest and at the perfect temperature to be fed to boors. detractor take out is the natural premier food for babies which provides all told the energy and intellectual nourishment that the infant postulate for the firstborn months of life.The first heartfeed milk is known as the colostrums which can but be give in breast milk that contains all best nut rients for the new born babies. Colostrums contain antibodies that defend the baby from bacteria and viruses in the early age. It helps to increase the babys intelligence and exercise and strengthen the close bond amongst m early(a) and the baby ( Gartner et al. 1997). It potently proven that breastfeed is the best food for a baby that no other food has the same nutrients comforts.Pregnant mothers should consec site the experience and sentiency of the benefits of breastfeeding to newborn infants. This determine is to find out how much the awargonness and noesis of 30 significant women in the antenatal and postpartum wards through questionnaires. They should be aw be of the benefits of breast milk to infants and to their own health. most women convey infant feeding decisions before slant and before any contact with health c be professionals. Although health advancements campaigns be influential in educating women approximately breastfeeding, they often do non dissuade women from formula feeding once the decisions has been made. Antenatal preparations of significant women for breastfeeding rises awareness of the impressiveness of breastfeeding, empower them with practical knowledge and skill in breastfeeding techniques, and prepare them for possible difficulties.Though many campaigns and seminars were through with(p) nationally to develop the public, yet the rate of scoopful breastfeeding is s bowl to the unsatis divisory direct. The rate of max breastfeeding in Malaysia has been decreased from 92% ( in 1950s) to 78% (in 1970s) exactly there was a slight of increment in the early year of 1975( Da Vanzo, 1991) although for however less than 10%. Report done by the human race Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA, 2005) , showed that millions of babies fell sick every year as they were not breastfeed. The sphere Health placement (WHO, 2002) estimated that more than 1.5 million babies died one-year may be avoided if the babie s were given over single(a) breastfeed, from birth to sextet months and incessantly until the age of devil years old.Malaysia has been doing a lot of promotions and activities lately to give the knowledge and importance of unshared breastfeeding through activities such as World breastfeed week and Baby friendly infirmary.1.1 Problem of statementBreast feeding throw away multiple benefit to the mother and child nevertheless there are still postpartum mother that are not confident and not interest to breast feed their baby. This problem exponent be due to lack of knowledge on information sources regarding breastfeeding. This search is done to elevate the knowledge betwixt antenatal and postpartum mothers in this hospital.Breastfeeding offers irrefutable and long-lasting health benefits for both mother and baby, which are reassert by a comprehensive scientific research. Many research and reason base has been conducted and proven that the benefits of breastfeeding are unde niable.Ministry of Health has set and implements various dodging in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. One of the strategy is the Baby loving hospital Initiative on 1993.The aim is neither than to develop an surround that support mother to breastfeed their baby, create a policy that control exclusive breastfeeding. On mackintosh 1998, Malaysia had been announced as the third country in the world which all the brass hospital has been given the Baby Friendly Hospital status.Over time, the perpennyages of births to subgroups with higher(prenominal) rank of breastfeedingparticularly Malays and more highly meliorate women wear increased. However, there is in tallyition evidence of changes in grade of breastfeeding within these subgroups. Many Malaysian infants have a total duration of breastfeeding (including with supplementation) considerably shorter than WHO recommended half dozen months of exclusive breastfeeding.The national breastfeeding policy has been revised in 2006, ac cording to WHO all mothers are encouraged to breastfeed their babies entirely from birth until 6 months of age and there aft(prenominal) to keep on until their child is 2 years old. Complementary foods should cite when the baby is 6 month old.1.2 HypothesisThe postnatal mothers have a higher train of exclusive breastfeeding knowledge compared to the antenatal mothers.1.3 Significance Of breedingThe benefits of breast milk is undeniable, manufacturer are trying to create a milk that are at least having similar benefits and nutritional value as the breast milk, yet no strong research take has been conducted to prove it.Not all the properties of breast milk are understood, but its nutrient content is relatively stable. Breast milk is made from the nutrients in the mothers bloodstream and bodily stores. Some studies estimate that a woman who breastfeeds her infant exclusively uses 400 600 extra calories a day in producing milk. The physical composition of breast milk depends on how long the baby nurses. search shows that the milk and energy content of breast milk actually decreases after the first year. Breast milk adapts to a toddlers developing system, providing exactly the right number of nutrition at exactly the right time. In fact, research shows that amongst the ages of 12 and 24 months, 448 milliliters of a mothers milk provide these lucks of the following lower limit daily requirementsEnergy 29% Folate 76% Protein 43% Vitamin B12 94% Calcium 36% Vitamin C 60%10 Vitamin A 75% .1.4 Research Objective1.4.1 General ObjectiveThe aim of this carry is to observe all antenatal and postnatal mothers have the confidence and knowledge to exclusive breastfeeding.1.4.2 Specific Objectives1.3.2.1 To examine the knowledge of antenatal and postnatal mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding1.3.2.2 To inform antenatal and postnatal mothers with exclusive breastfeeding knowledge and discretions.1.5 Significant of Project1.5.1 The importance of this study is to find out the difference knowledge level between antenatal and postnatal mothers on exclusive breastfeeding.1.5.2 This study needs to judge the knowledge level of the antenatal and postnatal mothers after informations, campaign and precepts given by health care staff and to show the teaching techniques by them are effective.1.5.3. The is to esure that it pass on increase the knowledge and improvements to induviduals involvements in exclusive breastfeeding1.6 mark of Project1.6.1 The study sample is limited to antenatal mothers who was come for masking piece in labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward.1.6.2 Antenatal mother who was not delivered baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 20111.7 Definition1.7.1 AssessmentAssessment is a process that follows a continuous cycle of improvement based upon measurable goals, involving data collection, organization and interpretation leading to planning and integration.1.7.2 KnowledgeKnowledg e is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the form of experience or learning. Knowledge is an appreciation of the possession of interconnected details.1.7.3 Exclusive breastfeedingExclusive breastfeeding be as no food or liquid other than breast milk , not even weewee, is given to the infant from birth until six months of age.1.7.4 Antenatal motherOccurring or present before birth during maternalism1.7.5 Postnatal motherpost meaning after and natalis meaning of birth- is the leading beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionAlthough the health benefits of breastfeeding are acknowledged widely, opinions and recommendations are divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. We systematically reviewed available evidence concerning the effects on child health, growth, and increase and on maternal health of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months vs. ex clusive breastfeeding for 3-4 months followed by mixed breastfeeding (introduction of antonymous liquid or solid foods with act breastfeeding) to 6 months. Two independent literature searches were conducted, together comprising the following databases MEDLINE (as of 1966), Index Medicus (prior to 1966), CINAHL, HealthSTAR, BIOSIS, hack writer Abstracts, EMBASE-Medicine, EMBASE-Psychology, Econlit, Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, African Index Medicus, Lilacs (Latin American and Carribean literature), EBM Reviews-Best Evidence, the Cochrane Database of organized Reviews, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register quoted by Kramer MS , Kakumar R.( Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)Mothers often are uninformed about the health benefits of any amount of breastfeeding, their ability to continue breastfeeding while assiduous, and the convenience and cost differentia l of breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding. Although there is a tendency in the literature to stress the time-intensive nature of breastfeeding, in fact it may require less time and attention than bottle-feeding (Barber-Madden, 1990).First, the promotion of breastfeeding without practical help and knowledge which led to many frustrated, unsuccessful breastfeeding attempts with concomitant backlash.Second, a much shorter hospital stay which does not provide commensurate time for mothers milk to come in or for appropriate education and support. In Australia in 1993, a country which is known for its support of breastfeeding, the just hospital stay for vaginal delivery was still 5 to 7 days, and for C-section, 7 to 10 days. Australia also has the foresight to send home health visitors once the mother is discharged to offer further assistance and support.Third, the continued increase of women in the puddleplace, many times by necessity and not by choice, has influenced the inc idence and duration of breastfeeding. A non supportive civilise environment suck ins breastfeeding difficult at best.Finally, the decline of breastfeeding has been assisted by the ambivalence of some health care professionals. This ambivalence is based on the lack of familiarity with actual breastfeeding research, reliance on formula company nutritional information, and the very healthful meaning issue of not wanting to push breastfeeding because it might make the Mom who chooses artificial feeding feel guilty.Despite these initiatives, yet 14.5 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below six months in 2006, . In addition, all 19.3 per cent babies were exclusively breastfed below four months. Jaafar,2008Compared with the findings of the National Health and Morbidity subject field 2 (1996), there was a significant decline of 9.7 % in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below four months and a concurrent rise in the prevalence of babies who were predominantly breast fed but given additional water.Analysis of the breastfeeding copy showed generally that exclusive breastfeeding rates were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after the age of two to three months .It was also imbed after the age of two months, more than half of the breastfed babies were supplemented with infant formula and given other foods like commercial baby foods or home-cooked baby food while 20 percent of breastfed infants were supplemented with plain water.Few factors that kick down to early discontinuation of breastfeeding as follow 2.1 Cultural Beliefs And Myths Of Breast eatingThe cultural beliefs, myths and ignorance have to be blame for the countrys poor breastfeeding performance.The myths that breastfed babies need water in addition to breast milk are wide imbue in the country. Lack of knowledge and skill of mothers on when to start complementary food and how to maintain breastfeeding are other prohibitive factors, Complementary food, including water, should moreover be introduced after the age of six months2.2 Lacks Of Benefit And Facility separate factors according to Jaafar ( 2008 ) are the lack of benefits and facilities to promote and facilitate breastfeeding practices amongst women who also make up some half of the countrys working population. These include the absence of continuing maternal quality leave, the lack of flexible working hours and missing childcare centers at work places.Breastfeeding patterns in Malaysia suggest that inadequate maternity leave may in fact be denying babies their right to mothers milk, and one of the reasons why only 1 in 7 infants were exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life in 2006. (Nadchatram ( 2008 )According to Ministry of Health psychoanalysis of national breastfeeding data, exclusive breastfeeding rates in the country were high in the first two months but dropped rapidly after two or three months, roughly the distributor point when maternity leave ends and working mo thers return to paid use of goods and services.In Malaysia, women are entitled to 8 weeks (60 days) paid maternity leave, 6 weeks short of the recommended 14 weeks by the International Labour Organisations Maternity Protection Convention 2000 (No. 183). Malaysia is not a signatory of the Convention.2.4 Not Enough MilkHussain (2003) has revealed that other factor for early discontinuation of exclusive breast feeding is not liberal milk .In his study,54% of the sample express that this is one of the reason. The reason for not having abundant milk might be highly influenced by the mothers emotional and psychological hale- be.Low levels of stress, healthy nutrition, plenty of fluid intake, emotional support and titty stimulation through babys sucking are all burning(prenominal) contributors to breastfeeding success. However, sustentation circumstances often dont allow perfect breastfeeding conditions another child in the family, the death of a loved one, money worries etc. all ad d to an increase in stress levels.Other factors such as breast surgery can contribute to low amounts of breast milk. It has also been found that more women who gave birth by caesarean sectionEncountered breastfeeding problems, this may have various reasons such as the initial separation between mother and baby or the physical pain as a return of the surgery which ultimately affects the mothers ability to enjoy the breastfeeding experience.Chen ( 2006 ),conclude in his research that breastfeeding-friendly policies can significantly affect breastfeeding behaviors. However, an unfavorable working environment, especially for fab workers, can make it difficult to implement breastfeeding measures. With health professionals emphasizing that the importance of breastfeeding for infant health, and as only females can perform lactation, it is vital that womens work productive role and family reproductive role be respected and accommodated by society.The World Health Organization (WHO) recomm ends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. The distance of maternity leave is positively associated with the duration of breastfeeding The International Labour Organization (ILO) recommends a period of maternity leave of not less than 14 week. However, the typical maternity leave in many Asian and put Eastern countries falls below these levels, only offering less than 12 weeks paid leave. In Taiwan, most companies provide only eight weeks of maternity leave.A national survey in 2005 showed that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Taiwan at one month postpartum was only 22.3%, and dropped to 16.7% at three month. To bring Taiwan in line with WHO guidelines, effective worksite strategies needed to be implemented to encourage new mothers to breastfeed in the workplace.2.5 Levels of becharm and the Breastfeeding Decision2.5.1 Health Professionals RolesMultiple studies indicate that health professionals support of breastfeeding is all-important(prenominal) in increasing breastfeeding rates (Lawrence, 1993, Winikoff Baer, 1980 Winikoff, Laukaran, Myers, Stone, 1986, 1987). Health professionals have made important promotion contributions, yet many health professionals who provide care to pregnant women and infants do not demonstrate explicit support of breastfeeding nor do they have adequate knowledge about breastfeeding. In an American Academy of Pediatricians study, only 65 percent of pediatricians recommended exclusive breastfeeding for the first month and only 37 percent recommended breastfeeding continue for the first year (Schanler, OConnor, Lawrence, 1999).Many women do not initiate breastfeeding because they know they allow be returning to regular employment that lead entail separation from the baby. Perhaps they believe that they will not be able to continue breastfeeding once they return to work, and they adopt an location of Why start something I will not be able to continue? (Fein Roe, 1998). Furthermore, women who retu rn to full-time work wean their infants earlier than other women. It has been found, however, that expecting to work part-time following the birth of a baby did not affect initiation of breastfeeding. Part-time work of four or less hours a day did not affect duration of breastfeeding. Part-time work for more than four hours per day affected duration of breastfeeding less than full-time work (Fein Roe, 1998).Because of economic necessity and the need for other benefits such as health insurance, many women cannot afford to work less than fulltime. When possible, however, delaying separation from the infant and reducing the amount of time mother and infant are isolated during the infants first six months increases the likelihood that breastfeeding will be successful (Stuart-Macadam Dettwyler, 1995).In a qualitative study carried out by MacLaughlin and Strelnick (1984), many women suggested it would be helpful to receive breast-feeding information about combining breast-feeding with working and to have open discussions of the topic with other mothers. A survey of 567 women who breastfed while employed outside the home showed that the most significant difficulty was role overload, a result of the multiple demands to which they were responding. This aspect does not differ markedly from what is found for non-breastfeeding, working mothers (Auerbach Guss, 1984).About 60 per cent from 451 mothers who stopped breastfeeding, did so during the first postnatal month and another 20 per cent during the 2nd and 3rd month after the babies birth. The mothers age, education or parity, did not affect the rate of breastfeeding.Low birth clog, especially birth weight less than 2 kg, was a risk factor for early termination of breastfeeding. Caesarean delivery and hospitalization of the infant during the neonatal period was also associated with a higher rate of bottle feeding compared with newborns who had been delivered normally, discharged early, and nursed at home.Although b reastfeeding rates are high, the finding that the majority of mothers who give up breastfeeding do so in the early weeks, calls for better support to all mothers by move health personnel during the period when breastfeeding is being established, and for extra assistance to women whose infants are hospitalized or have a low birth weight (Shiva , 2003 )2.6 Advantages of breast milk to babiesBreast milk is best for newborn baby, and the benefits of breastfeeding extend well beyond basic nutrition. In addition to containing all the vitamins and nutrients baby needs in the first six months of life, breast milk is packed with disease-fighting substances that protect baby from illness.American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months (although any amount of breastfeeding is beneficial). And scientific studies have shown that breastfeeding is good for mothers health, too. Numerous studies from round the world have shown that stomach viruses, lower respiratory illnesses, ear infections, and meningitis overhaul less often in breastfed babies and are less severe when they do happen. Exclusive breastfeeding (meaning no solid food, formula, or water) for at least six months seems to offer the most protection.A study by the National build of Environmental Health Sciences showed that children who are breastfed have a 20 percent lower risk of dying between the ages of 28 days and 1 year than children who werent breastfed, with longer breastfeeding associated with lower risk.The main immune factor at work here is a substance called secretor immunoglobulin A (IgA) thats present in large amounts in colostrums, the first milk mothers corpse produces for the baby. (Secretors IgA is present in lower concentrations in mature breast milk.) The substance guards against invading germs by forming a protective layer on the mucous membranes in the babys in try outines, nose, and throat.2.7 Advantages to breastfeed mothersA study of more than 3 3,000 danish women who had given birth between 1999 and 2002 evaluated the effect of breastfeeding on maternal weight at 6 and 18 months postpartum compared to reported pre pregnancy weight. The authors calculate that a Danish woman with normal or obese pre pregnancy weight who gained 11-12 kg during the pregnancy and exclusively breastfed her infant for 6 months would be back to her pre pregnancy weight by then. At 18 months postpartum, women who exclusively breastfed for 6 months and continued breastfeeding until their infant was 12 months of age had the lowest fortune of retaining 5 or more kg of weight no upshot how much weight they gained during the pregnancy (Baker, 2008)2.8 Conceptual frameworkThe research abstract framework will be carried out as shown in the flow chart below.INTERGRATED WARDHOSPITAL TUANKU AMPUAN NAJIHAHPOSTNATAL MOTHERS prenatal MOTHERSQUESTIONAIRERESULTANTENATAL MOTHERSPOSTNATAL MOTHERSCHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.0 IntroductionIn this chapter the researcher will discuss the main aspect of the research methodology in detail. There are five aspects that consist of the research design, population, sampling and methods, study cocks, collection of data and limitation of study.3.1 Study designThe study uses a descriptive and quantitative method. The researcher will distributes the questionnaires to the respondents as the main instrument to collect data for the study. The collection and the analysis of data is done in two weeks.3.2 Population and sampleThe population is all antenatal mothers who will be come for screening in the labour room from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward in Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Najihah.3.3 Study subjectAll 15 antenatal mothers who will come for screening in integrated ward from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and 15 postnatal mothers discharge from labour room during the study period..3.4 Sample size calculationThe sample size will be calculated so that the study h as the capability to detect clinically importance difference as statistically significant. The sample size also will be calculated to estimate effect with stated precision. Only 30 cases will be selected as the sample.3.5 Study participants3.5.1 Inclusion criteriaAll antenatal mothers who are conceiving their second child and supra that warded from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 and postnatal mothers discharge from integrated ward.3.5.2 Exclusion criteriaAll antenatal mothers who are conceiving their first baby from 30 January to 30 Mac 2011 was not include in this study.3.6 Data collection procedures3.6.1 This study will be victimisation questionnaires that will be given to theantenatal and postnatal mothers before and after the campaign.3.6.2 Permission to carry out the study will be obtained from the Hospital Director and the Chief Matron. An inform consent will also being obtained from the respondents( appurtenance II / Lampiran II).3.6.3 Self Administered Questionnaire (SAQ)Self A dministered Questionnaire will be use to determine the medical personal knowledge as shown in adjunct III / Lampiran III.3.7 Sampling methodologySampling refers to the process of selecting a deal of the population to represent the entire population (Polit Hungler, 1999). In this study only 30 participants will be selected among the antenatal and postnatal mothers in HTAN from January till March in the year of study. The study was done with pilot test 10 antenatal and postnatal mother and the cronbachs alpha= 0.7323.7.1 Statistical analysisThe result of this study was based on the responses from 30 of the antenatal and postnatal mothers. The independent variables identified namely were designation. The data was analyzed and presented in percentage.3.7.2 Research toolsData was collected by using structured questionnaire. See Appendix III and Appendix IV.3.8 Expected resultsAntenatal mothers have the knowledge and understanding of the importance in exclusive breastfeeding.Antenatal mothers will be make decisions on exclusive breastfeeding before delivery.CHAPTER 4RESEARCH RESULTS4.0 IntroductionIn this chapter the collected data is analysed from the questionnaires given to the respondents. The demographic factors usually tested as it is often used as the inference study as it is easy to get and easily analysed the effect (Jack Fiorito et el 2007) . The first part is a demographic data about the respondents for example race, age , education level and their exclusive breastfeeding knowledge.4.1 Characteristics of demographic respondentsSection ATable 1 socialal - Antenatal mothersAntenatal mothersPost natal mothersEthnicNumber of respondents characterNumber of respondentsPercentageTotal numberMalay1173.3 %1386.7 %24Chinese16.7 %0%1Indian320.0 %213.3%5Referring to the table above, majority of the respondents are from the Malay cultural which gives 73.3% for the antenatal mothers while the postnatal respondents gives 86.7%. The second higher percentage of ethn ic comes from the Indians that give 20 %for the antenatal mothers and the postnatal mothers contributes 13.3 %.The least is the Chinese that gives only 6.7% that is only one respondent for the antenatal but none for the postnatal mothers.. As usual majority of the respondents are the Malays as most of them like to give birth in government hospitals comparing to the Chinese who select going to the private hospitals.Table 2 Age of the respondentsAge rangeNumber of respondentsfor both ante and postnatal mothersPercentage20 -25 years old930.0%26 30 years old1240.0 %31 35 years old620.0 %36 40 years old310.0%The age range for this study is done to get a better view to the majority of the ante and postnatal mothers involved. As shown in the table above the age range between 26 to 30 years of the antenatal and postnatal mothers gives the majority which contributes 40.0 %. The least comes from the age range of 36 to 40 years that gives only 10% which only 3 respondents involved.Table 3 Education Level faculty member levelNumber of respondentsPercentageNon- schoolinging13.3 %Primary school26.7%Secondary school1756.7%College/ University1033.3%As shown in the above table, the majority of the educational level comes from the secondary school level which contributes 56.7 % from all the respondents. This shows that this group of respondents have the great trust in the government hospital so does the college/ university level respondents that gives 33.3% of all.Table 4 tradingOccupationNumber of respondentsPercentageHousewife1756.7 %Self employed413.3 %Government servant516.7%Private sector413.3%Referring to the above table, the housewife is the majority respondents in this study that carries 56.7% which is more than half of the respondents involved. The government servants contributes 16.7% while the self employed and the private sectors employees give the same percentage of 13.3% each.Table 5. Exclusive breastfeeding prior knowledgeYESNONumber Of respondents255P ercentage83.3%16.7 %Referring to Table 5, 83.3% of the respondents have the prior knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding which means that they had the experience and knowledge to breastfeeding. Five respondents, contributing 16.7% had no knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding.Table 6 Number of childNumber of child(conceiving/ give birth)Number of respondentsPercentage21240%31136.7%4310%526.6%626.6%As shown in the table above , 12 respondents conceiving or giving birth to their second child that gives 40% of the study. 36.7% cogitate or give birth to their third child, 10% or 3 respondents create mentally or give birth to their 4th child and 6.6% contributed by respondents who conceive or give birth to their 5th and 6th child.SECTION BKnowledge on exclusive breastfeedingQuestion number1

Nursing Intervention for Pre Menstrual Syndrome (PMS)

nursing noise for Pre Menstrual Syndrome (precatamenial syndrome)The physical and emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ar roughhewn but it doesnt besotted that all girls will set premenstrual syndrome. The symptoms start about a week or two weeks previous to the period for most of the girls who experience PMS. Life behavior changes including dietary modifications are the commonly used to treat the symptoms (www.youngwomenshealth.org)The cause of PMS is explained with list of prone biological theories. It including conditions the likes deficiency of progesterone in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle and deficiencies of vitamin. As per the researchers 70% to 90% of women experience PMS during kid bearing years at some time, it usually happens at the historic period of 25 to 45. (http/nhs.us/conditions/pms)Estrogen and progesterone are two essential hormones confused during ovulation and menstruation .There are certain hormonal changes namely rise in estrogen and fal l in progesterone during PMS. When estrogen / progesterone balance is high it interferes with brain neurotransmitters which control the basic unit of mood and pain. constant menstrual cycle among women is natural process PMS is included as a part of it. The incidences of PMS are caused by otherwise factors also. The other factors identified are hereditary, caffeine, stress, aging, medical history, tobacco, family history and diet plays a indispensable role (www.goodeveningworld.com)The environmental play a important role in influences on PMS causing antithetic other symptoms. Some researchers categorize four figures of PMS. Some of the women may present with only one type of PMS, some can have 2 or 3 types, and a few(prenominal) women have all four types. PMS-A is related with anxiousness and tension of the muscles. PMS-C includes cravings for sweets, nighttime chocolates and carbohydrate rich diet. PMS-D refers to emotional problems introductory to menstruation. PMS-H inc ludes tenderness in the detractor and gain in weight because of retention of water. (http/www.individualizednutrition.com)There are different types of supplements naturally done which can highly cause reduction of the symptoms of PMS. continuously using fish oil for two months is beneficial in cut back PMS symptoms. Fatigue, irritability, tenderness of breast and extremities swelling can be improve by using evening primrose oil (http/www.individualizednutrition.com)NEED FOR THE turn overPMS usually happens one week or 2 weeks prior to periods. Totally 150 symptoms are actually found which occurs during PMS. The identified common symptoms are mood disturbances, tenderness of breast, bloating of the abdomen, acne, cravings for certain foods, increased appetite and thirsty(p) feeling and fatigue. Other symptoms included are difficulty in freeing stools and loose stools, feeling irritated, mood change and feeling down. (www.pmsfacts.com)As in that respect is no specific laborato ry test to diagnose PMS, in evidence to leaven a pattern, a gynecologist ask the patient to evince her symptoms at least for two menstrual cycles. This will help to establish if the symptoms are truly premenstrual and predictably recurring. If symptoms increase in 30% in six days before menstruation, then it is identified illustration of pre menstrual syndrome needs treatment (www.goodevening world.com)The premenstrual symptom is a obscure one. Many women experience this symptoms ranging from moderate to severe. To manage PMS the initial clapperclaw is daily regular exercise and change in diet. A vitality style changes is sufficient to control symptoms for women with mild symptoms. (www.about.com)The treatment of PMS varies from charr to woman the patient is advised on various treatment modalities like diet, home remedies, contraceptives, exercise, herbal treatment, dietary supplements, and diuretics. (www.goodeveningworld.com)Studies revealed that many foods including soy, green leafy vegetables and clean fruit, nuts and seeds are really effective in balancing the hormone. The women who sufferers with PMS are advised to make changes in diet such as consumption of fresh fruits, green leafy vegetables, cereals and whole grains, dairy products of minor fat and sea foods. It is recommended that having frequent meals in small quantity severally day helps to reduce fullness and abdominal bloating.(www.faqs.org/nutrition)Research in this theatre can be given high priority since these symptoms will displace females daily routine activity. Several studies highlighted that the symptoms can be improved with spate of sleep, vitamin supplements and exercise. Even non- pharmacological measure like healthy diet, life style changes, some home remedies which indirectly contribute to reduce the symptoms. These aspects impressed the researcher, thereby felt the need do a study in this equal area and to view the effectiveness on Planned Nursing Intervention on ma nagement of PMS among college students who has been experiencing pre menstrual syndrome.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to evaluate the effectiveness of Planned Nursing Intervention on management of Pre Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) in terms of intensity of symptoms, knowledge and lieu among college girls in a selected educational institution, Salem.OBJECTIVESTo prepare and validate the Planned Nursing Intervention on management of PMS among samples.To assess and contrast the crocked pre-test and mean post-test intensity of PMS among samples.To assess and compare mean pre-test and mean post-test knowledge score on management of PMS among samples.To assess and compare mean pre-test and mean post-test attitude score on PMS among samples.To find association between the pre-test level of knowledge on management of PMS among samples and their selected demographic variables- age at menarche and family history of PMS.HYPOTHESES (Level of significance p

Discuss the reasons for the growth and decline Essay -- essays researc

Up until World War II, Imperialism had been a major part of shade throughout the world. The conquering and occupying of other lands had been prominent in all of the major world empires. The Romans, Ottaman Turks, Egyptians, Mongols, Syrians, Greecians, Babylonians, Muslims, Persians, and others had all thrived on the occupation of other territories. However, as the feeler of military warf ar and techonolgy increased, the stakes increased, the wars longer, the casualities higher, and the controlling of vast amounts of land became harder as people sought ethnic diversity and clung to their heritage harder. The last of these capacious imperialistic empires stands with Great Britian and France. Other european powers in the 1800s also had their contact in the cookie jar of imperialism, including belgium, italy, and Germany, but the powerhouses existed with Great Britian and France. Up until a little after World War II, in the 1950s and 60s, did imperialism last. The questions asked now is how did European powers manuever their way into the lives of other ethninticies, and why didnt it last? Around 1870, imperialism in Africa escualted, with her coast line quickly being snatched by Great Britian, France, the Dutch, Germany, and the Italians, and then they started workings their way inward. The Industrial Revolution caused impertinent riches to emerge, and this immature wealth was invested in occupying wise territories, for either a sign of prestige or dominance, probably both to an extent. Techonology is growing, and communications is increasing, thus making it easier to occupy new lands and peoples. Medical techonolgy is increasing, and the ability to combat new diseases helps the imperialistic powers overcome the new pestilences that they encounter. The increasing growth of the R.R made it easier to transport goods and materials needed to occupy territory. The universe of discourse in Europe is growing, and these new lands atomic number 18 possible pl ace to resolve as well. But why did countries like Great Britian seek to pass enouormous amounts of money on provinces without a great deal coming back to them? One opening is the Accident theory that says their was no real intent in the village that took place. The theory says that once one land was taken, the surrounding land would... ...by the British by combining three tribal groups together. One the British left, much blood was shed over what a nigerian was or was not. in that respect was no coherant agreement on what these new people stood for.Goals for the future are almost dependant on the new countries ability to industrialize and withstand up with the Western powers. Establishing a stable government is one ill-treat toward political and economic growth and stablity. Agreeing on what a country is about, and how they are to support themselves are vital. Holding fast to an identity, as Americans, Frenchmen, and the British do, altogether aids in the development of ol d things, and the creation of new techonology. However, as afore mentioned, because of their being no distribution of weatlth in the world, and within the new countries, the new money is only spread out over the growing universe providing no real enhanced standard of living for anyone, the gap result become wider and wider economically between the more developed countries and the third world. economic developement is the key to success, and without that, these once colonized countries will only continue to struggle.

I Can Change the World One Tooth at a Time! :: Dentistry Admissions Essays

I Can Change the World One Tooth at a Time Ever since childhood I keep back enjoyed functional with my hands. Whether as an eight year- old gluing together a model railcar or an adolescent assembling a bookshelf in woodworking class, I thrived on the challenges of precise and meticulous tasks. Throughout risque school I have been intrigued by the sciences, notwithstanding it was non until I read approximately late-breaking discoveries and enquiry in the field of genetics that my interests in science intensified. When I entered the University of British Columbia (UBC), I naturally chose to specialize in cadre Biology and Genetics. In my sophomore year at UBC, I runner began to seriously consider dentistry as a career. At that time, I began to appreciate the important role that dentistry played in my life. four-spot years earlier, I began an orthodontic treatment program with Dr. Junni Wang to correct a severe crowding problem with my teeth. Both before and during the tre atment, I was a most reluctant participant not many teenagers look ship to braces filling their mouth during their last two years of high school, and I was no incompatible. However, at every monthly check-up for three-and-a-half years the posture staff had nothing but kind words of encouragement and optimism. promptly after the completion of the treatment I had reason to smile. Dr. Wang helped turn me from a shy adolescent who feared smiling into a confident, outgoing young man. His skills not only brought back my smile, but excessively my sense of confidence in all aspects of my life. Whereas once I feared drawing attention to myself and thus shied remote from leadership posts and debates, now I am a completely different person. Hoping to feel as satisfied and gratified as Dr. Wang must have felt in improving not only my smile but my entire way of life, I look forward to improving the unwritten health of patients on a daily basis and participating in dentistry s friendly, team-oriented work environment. After this preliminary patient-doctor exposure to dentistry, I substantially increased my involvement in the field to determine if dentistry unfeignedly was for me. My participation with the UBC Pre-Dental Society allowed me to communicate with various professionals in the field. I also investigated opportunities to volunteer in the University Dental Clinic or participate in research work.

Mexico 1940-82: Higher Priority on Political Stability and Economic Growth than on Social Change :: Mexican History Politics Economics Essays

Mexico 1940-82 Higher antecedence on Political Stability and Economic Growth than on kindly ChangeMexicos political and economic stability from 1940-1982 can be well understood by looking at one of Sergios televisions. In Mexican Lives, Judith Adler Hellman introduces the reader to Sergio Espinoza, a businessman who once employ some 700 workers to produce televisions, stereos and sound systems. His televisions spicy production costs, low quality, high prices and inaccessibility to the poor sketch a rough microcosm of the period from 1940-1982 by laying bare the inefficiencies of import substitution industrialization and the vast inequalities in Mexico. From 1940-82, economic growth and stability came at the expense of cordial judge and political pluralism. In particular, the Mexican campesinos, the backbone of the revolutionary Zapatista uprising, suffered from the economic evolution model and from the PRIs ability to muzzle dissent.The basic model busy after Cardenas to prom ote growth in the Mexican economy was upshot Substitution Industrialization (ISI), whereby Mexico attempted to build domestic industry and a domestic market. The strategy quickly started paying dividends, and the import-substitution policies of the Mexican state were victorious in generating rapid and sustained economic growth (Sharpe 28). ISI ushered in the Mexican Miracle of economic growth the Mexican growth hovered around 6% p.a. for some thirty years (Hellman 1). The government created incentives for investment and lowered receipts to spur domestic investment. Despite the strong economic indicators, the spoils of growth were non shared by many. Those groups who bled and died from 1910-1917 for a more just and equitable Mexico were afterward denied the fruits of economic growth and transparent political representation. Efforts to accelerate growth since the middle 1930s have tended to produce- or at least, to reinforce- a highly inequitable pattern of income distri stilli on (Hansen 71). According to Roger Hansen, the author of The Politics of Mexican Development, no other Latin American political system has provided more rewards for its parvenue industrial and commercial agricultural elites (87) since 1940 and in no other major Latin American country has less been done directly by the government for the bottom quarter of society (87). Mexicos teaching created a middle class and brought a certain measure of industrialization but further disenfranchised the poor. Mexicos leaders implemented a development policy which violated the ideals of the revolution by shirking the responsibilities of a social democracy. In his essay Guatemalan Politics The Popular Struggle for Democracy, Garry H.

Lily as the Goddess Diana in The House of Mirth Essay -- House Mirth E

Lily as the Goddess Diana in The House of Mirth ace of the tragedies in The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton is that Lily baronet is unable to bind Laurence Selden and thereby secure a safe position in society. Their kin fluctuates from casual intimacy to outright love depending on how and where Selden perceives Lily. Selden sees a beautious tone of voice in Lily Bart that is not present in any of the another(prenominal) women in the novel. This mysterious beauty that is so often alluded to, in access to her attraction for the other men, is best understood when Lily is conceived of as the goddess Diana. As Diana, Lily Bart hunts for the perfect husband further cannot marry, remains separate from the dinginess of society, and in the end is crushed by a remorseless rejection that can even pulverize a goddess. Diana, the goddess of the hunt and of maidenhood, perfectly combines the traits that Lily Bart exhibits. Although never explicitly affiliated with the goddess, Wharto ns first rendering of Lily notes her wild-wood grace and sylvan freedom She paused before the mantelpiece, examine herself in the mirror while she adjusted her veil. The attitude revealed the long slope of her slender sides, which gave a kind of wild-wood grace to her outline, as though she were a captured dryad subdued to the conventions of the drawing-room and Selden reflected that it was the same streak of sylvan freedom in her nature that lent such savour to her artificiality (15). Not only the description invokes the image of Diana, but also Lilys name. The lily-of-the-valley is Dianas flower. Lily Bart later chooses to wear a plain white dress for her part in the Reynolds painting, thereby choosing the touch of Diana. ... ...Wharton brilliantly interprets through Lilys downfall. Seldens unrealized love for Lily Bart hinges on his fruition that it is her Diana-like qualities that set her apart yet it is this same distinct quality that allow bring about her demise. Li lys inability to resurrect her reputation and use the earn against Bertha Dorset is intimately tied to her inability to marry her pattern of running external from each man that proposes to her plunges her into a downward spiral from which she cannot recover. It is not morals, but rather her qualities as the virgin goddess that ultimately doom her. By devising Lily into a form of Diana, Wharton is able to condemn her society even to a greater extent fiercely. She shows us that the society Lily lives in has the ability to destroy even a goddess. Works Cited Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. Signet Classic New York. 1964.

Constitutional Paideia :: Hegel Constitutionalism Papers

Constitutional PaideiaConstitutional paideia designates a form of underlyingism that construes a nations constitution essentially in terms of ongoing processes of collective self-formation. This story explores the notion of native paideia as formulated by Hegel, who explicitly defines constitutionalism with categories of Bildung. The compositions strategy is to present Hegel position in light of questions that lot be raised about it. The paper advances three central theses (1) in spite (and perhaps beca custom) of his historico-culturist approach to law, Hegel is a theoretician of constitutional paideia (2) patronage construing constitutionalism in terms of ongoing processes of popular self-interpretation, Hegel does not vitiate the banknote between law and politics deemed so central to constitutional opening and (3) despite construing constitutionalism in terms of self-formative processes of a particular culture, Hegel does not fling the normativity and trans-contextualism lo ng associated with modern constitutional theory. The paper concludes with some observations on the present-day(a) significance of Hegelian constitutionalism. Constitutional paideia is a term I shall use to designate a form of constitutionalism that construes a nations constitution essentially in terms of ongoing processes of collective self-formation.(1) As such, it is markedly searching from competing models. It is clear-cut from liberal models, notably delineate today by John Rawls, for whom a constitution must guarantee certain basic governmental rights and liberties and shew democratic procedures for moderating the political rivalry, and for determining issues of social policy.(2) While constitutional paideia is not chary of liberal concern for legal and moral constraints, it rejects the latters payload to entrenched rights and a fixed sense of a nations legal-political identity. It is likewise distinct from communitarian models, represented however ambiguously by Frank M ichelman. While share with such models a focus on communal identity, its commitment to processes of self-formation renders constitutional inhospitable to a theory keyed to a set of preexist cultural valuesthat more encompassing common life, bearing the belief of a common past.(3) Constitutional paideia is distinct further from republican models, represented equally ambiguously by Hannah Arendt. Although it shares with republicanism the notion that constitutionalism must be afflictive to principles of public virtue, collective power, and civic commitment to a shared enterprise, it places specific emphasis on the conditions for constituting collective identity and nationhood itself.(4) Constitutional paideia is also distinct from deliberative models, represented notably by Jrgen Habermas, for whom the constitution establishes political procedures according to which citizens, in the exercise of their right to self-determination, successfully pursue the concerted project of establ ishing just (or more just) conditions of life.

Free Things They Carried Essays: Syntactic and Paratactic Interpretation :: Things They Carried Essays

Syntactic and Paratactic Interpretation of The Things They Carried The syntactic and paratactic styles of interpretation are some(prenominal)(prenominal) needed to interpret Tim OBriens The Things They Carried. The syntactic aspect of interpretation deals with the fanciful or the things that arent said, just that are implied or that happen orthogonal of what is said. Paratactic interpretation deals with the concrete details that stand out and are specifically stated. The media, although it didnt change the outcome of the fight much because it provided coverage of both negative and positive aspects, it was the first contend to be covered by the media and therefore what it did cover, people believed. This foot be observed in Tim OBriens novel on the coverage of how the war started and how it was covered after the war started. The historical approach to this novel with respect to the syntactic aspect can be observed if angiotensin-converting enzyme looks at what the media said had started the war. The media stated that the war had been started because U.S. ships had been fired upon in friendly waters by opponent warships. Paratacticly this makes aesthesis and should have started a war in which we sent over troops that felt that they were protecting their country, which might have actually changed the outcome of the war. Syntactically, though, the base was that we had been in two previous tiffs (Cuba and Laos) and had lost. This caused the pre nervent to be looked at in an unfavorable light, which made him and others in power, to stage a war that he thought we could win. In reality there were no known hostile ships anywhere near the area that our ships went down and he was blindly following a belief that communism should be contained in order not to have a domino effect. The media later portrayed this portrait of the war, but it was too late for many young teenagers that had just gotten out of high gear school. Another example of syntactic analys is is where the media reported a devastation count. Paratactically the death count represented the number of bodies dead, but this is misleading. The death count, for one thing, is misleading because the entire country was covered with mines and these explosives killed both friend and foe. after they had gone off, there was little left of the body. This leads to miscounting because if the body is blown into microscopic pieces it is hard to tell if one, two, or three people died, and whos side they were on.

Metropolis Symphony Essay -- Music Musical Musician Papers

The Development of the Programmatic Symphony from the 19th hundred into the 21st Century Since the early symphonies of Sammartini and Stamitz the orchestral symphony has underwent constant development. In the early nineteenth century Beethoven started a new dramatis personae of the symphony when he composed a symphony based on programmatic medication. The programmatic symphony is a composition that is written with no.-musical influences. Program music is subservient music which recounts a story illustrates literary ideas, or evokes pictorial scenes. though the term originated with Listz, illustrative music has existed for as long as music itself.(Kennedy p. 579) The form is more comparable a multi-movement t wizard poem that tells a story though music. The symphonies of Haydn, and Mozart were pieces written with music that was non influenced by non-musical ideas. some other symphonies that have been written that are programmatic are Symphonie Fantastique by Be rlioz, Symphony no. 3 Pastoral by Vaughan Williams, and Metropolis Symphony by Michael Daugherty. This newspaper will show the similarities and differences between the programmatic symphonies of Beethoven, Berlioz, and Daugherty. Ludwig Van Beethoven 1770-1827 The world-class major(ip) programmatic symphony was written by Ludwig Van Beethoven in 1807-08. Although it was not assoild until 1808 there are sketches for the symphony that go as further back as 1803. This was his sixth symphony and it was in F major. The first performance of the symphony was on December 22, 1808 which was the same premier of his one-fifth symphony. This symphony has five movements. The instrumentation for the symphony includes devil flutes and piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two ... ...also has expanded the size of the wind constituent of the orchestra with several more instruments. While Beethoven and Berlioz composed their symphonies as complete works Daugherty allows conductors to perform movements separately if they desire. This makes each movement more equal a tone poem than a full symphony. It is easy to get together though by the Dies Irae in the fifth movement and the storm like atmosphere of the fourth movement how Daugherty was influenced by these two composers who came over one hundred years before him. In conclusion, the programmatic symphony has been used to acquire some of the greatest works of musical literature in the recent two hundred years. In the next century composers will in all likelihood follow in these composers footsteps and expand the size of the orchestra to create new timbres and tell stories through tone painting in symphonies.

World War I Essay -- Trench Warfare

World War I was a stalemate right from the outbreak of the warfare as a result of trespass warfare. With the introduction of this system, a piece of land stretch from the Belgian coast, through France, and ending in Switzerland, became the venue for majority of the conflict. For approximately three years, this bourne shifted by no more than a fewer hundred yards. All of this changed when the United States joined the war and prompted Germany to make an all-out drive on the Allies so as to end the war before the American Army reached full strength on the battlefield. The American Expeditionary Force allowed the Allies to take the offensive, thitherby ending the silent state of war that had settled on the Western Front as a result of trench warfare.The system of trench warfare had manpower facing each other across opposing word of mouths dug into the ground. The pattern of digging trenches was purely a matter of survival. In a war where technology was the worst enemy, trenches were a must. Following the Battle of Somme in 1916 where casualties exceeded unitary million, the High Command on both sides of the war learned of the direful need for trenches. The first trenches, as Albert Marrin describes in The Yanks are Coming, were not clean slits in the ground. Each trench system was composed of line upon line of trenches. Most trench systems were composed of three trenches. In case of an attack, there was usually another trench to provide defense if the forward trench was taken by the enemy. Smaller communication trenches linked each of the major trench lines (Marrin 80). The most memorable feature of any trench line was actually the land in between. This land was known as no-mans land. No mans land varied extremely in length. There were extremes at both ends... ... of losing at which point the Americans entered the fray. The final act that broke this cul de sac was the defeat of the Germans at Belleau Wood by the Americans. In doing this, they brought a maven of newfound desire and energy on the Allied part. For the Germans, the Americans represented a force to be reckoned with. The American Army brought the fight back to the soldiers in the trenches. Captain Lloyd Williams of the Marines was a prime example of this spirit. When asked by the French if he wanted to retreat, he replied Retreat? Hell we just got here. (qtd. Antill, Dougdale-Pointon, and Rickard).As a German soldier noted, The American . . . had nerve we must give him reference point for that but he also displayed a savage ruthlessness. The Americans kill everybody was a cry of terror. . . which for a long time stuck in the bones of our men. (qtd. bed 91)

Effective Airline Security Measures Are Overdue Essays -- Essays Paper

Effective Airline warrantor Measures Are OverdueAs far back as 1955, terrorist brats against the airline industry have jeopardized the recourse and security of airline passengers. This paper chronologically describes some of the egresss that caused preventive measures to be proposed and in fewer cases implemented. The fact that there is a terrorist threat against our lands airline industry has not changed, but the methods that these radicals employ to add together harm to travelers has grown much more sophisticated. The techniques in use by the government and the airline industry to prevent a catastrophic event have not kept pace. As the events of September 11th unfolded, it became overt that the havoc a well-planned terrorist attack could wreak on a province, or even the world had been conceiven to a radical level. Nothing these terrorists did was novel, just the idea of a well-coordinated attack using commercial aircraft as weapons of destruction was completely unseas oned. Now, as the images of hijacked airplanes plowing into the worldly concern Trade Center be still fresh in our minds, we must take full wages of the emotion and will of the people as well as engine room to bring effective airline security measures in line with authentic and future threats.Effective Airline Security Measures Are Overdue. How long does it take the United States to counter a threat to commercial aviation? In the case of a barrage stowed in luggage in the abdomen of an airliner, the answer is nearly half a centuryand counting. In 1955, a man placed a bomb in his mothers suitcase and blew up a United Airlines flight over Colorado (Rohrlich 2001). Although not recognised at the time, this was the beginning of a new form of terrorism, a new crisis for our nation to face. This crisis was crystallized on March 9, 1972, as a jetliner took aside from JFK bound for Los Angeles. Moments into the flight, an anonymous caller stated that there was a bomb on board that flight. The plane immediately returned to JFK and passengers were evacuated. A bomb-sniffing dog observe an explosives device just 12 minutes before it was set to irrupt (Federal Aviation judicial system, 2001). Seven months later, the Department of Transportation created the K-9 Explosives Detection Team platform (Federal Aviation Administration, 2001). This was the first widespread measure taken to combat the threat of blowing up commercial a... ... opposed to making the humans look at all luggage and each passenger individually.ReferencesCohen, L., Barens, M. (2001, September 13). Checkpoint screeners weak bear on in system. Retrieved December 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web http//chicagotribune.com/news/ topical anaesthetic/chi-01-09130336sep13.storyDunn, R. (2001, September 26). Reinforced cabins, armed guards the El AL model. Retrieved December 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web http//www.smh.com.au/news/0109/26/world.htmlFederal Aviation Administration (November 24, 2001) . External Security. Retrieved November 24, 2001 from the World Wide Web http//cas.faa.gov.edtp.htmlHiltzik, M., Willman, D., (2001, September 23). How did U.S. Airport Security Break Down. Retrieved December 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web http//www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-092301 airsec.storyMurphy, D., & Brinkley J. (2001, September). Rethinking Airport Security. Retrieved December 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web http//.nytimes.com/2001/09/19/nyregion/19airp.htmlRohrlich, T. (2001, November 5). A Gap in Aviation Security. Retrieved November 25, 2001 from the World Wide Web http//latimes.com/new/nationworld/nation.html

Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening :: essays research papers

The circumstances surrounding the composition of Robert Frosts poem "Stopping by woodwind instrument on a Snowy Evening" explain his social function of "The phantasmest evening of the year" (L.8) which is closely re youngd it to the greater theme of persistence in the face of hardship.Frost wrote this poem, in November(Frost Chronology) 1923 on the same late night he undone his declare New Hampshire (Jackson sec. 1). Being "a little excited from getting over-tired"(qtd. in Jackson sec. 3), he distinct to venture out into the wilderness, probably to calm down. Frost hitched his horse to a sleigh and left on his journey to eventually find the "Woods" in this poem. Being in an "autointoxicated"(qtd. in Jackson sec. 3) state, Frost was influence by the scene of the woods beside the frozen lake. He eventually stone-broke out of his trance, possibly with the aid of his horse, by beliefs of prior commitments. The former statement is shown in the text by "He gives his harness bells a call down To ask if there is some mistake"(L.L. 9-10) and the latter by " exactly I have promises to keep And miles to go before I pile"(L.L. 13-14). According to Frost, upon his return home, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" "was written in a few legal proceeding without any strain"(qtd. in Jackson sec. 1). Therefore, Frost wrote this poem nigh himself and his journey.Literally, "The darkest evening of the year"(L.8), refers to the winter equinox on December 21st. But, if thought of symbolically, this line could be the culmination of surd work, by the author, to finish his book New Hampshire. Furthermore the equinox aspect of "The darkest evening of the year"(L.13) symbolizes the transition, from the composing of a new book to its realization. Therefore, the meaning "The darkest evening of the year"(L.8) is doubled even if the poem was not written in December 21st.In and of itself, the poem is an extended metaphor for perseverance. The reader only realizes this after having finished reading the poem because the information about the narrators prior commitments and fatigue is provided at the end. In retrospect, the first stanza can be analyzed as the narrators difficult journey. The middle and last parts of the text, like the woods, can be seen as the temptation, as is evident in the lines "The woods are lovely dark and deep"(L. 13). But the narrator overcomes his temptation shown by "But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep"(L.